New World Order Without a Hegemon: Compete and Cooperate

LONDON: While there is a broad consensus about relative decline of the United States as a superpower, political commentators have debated about emerging political rivalries. A study of recent events, however, shows that instead of a straightforward bipolar or multipolar relationship, simultaneous cooperation and competition will be the likely template of relationships among the major powers – United States, China, the European Union, Russia, India and Brazil. The new pattern of fluid and ever-changing relationships between such powers will underscore the end of the uncontested global supremacy in economics, politics, military and culture that the United States has enjoyed since 1991. 

Attempts by each of the players to obtain the best economic and political advantage for themselves while cooperating on issues of common concern is likely to produce tension as well as unexpected accommodation and temporary alliances. The sharpest example of engagement and containment is the relationship between Beijing and Washington.

On one hand, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has been buying US Treasury bonds to assure the stability of the US market for its export and acquiring US assets with its trade surplus. On the other it has been developing area-denial weapons and anti-satellite and cyber warfare capabilities to be used against the US in case of a conflict over Taiwan.

Since the Chinese yuan is pegged to the US dollar, it is in the mutual interest of China and America to ensure that the greenback’s exchange rate with respect to other major currencies does not deteriorate too much. That forecloses Beijing’s option of unloading its massive US dollar reserves in large tranches. So it is almost mandatory that the world’s largest economies cooperate.

By contrast, in Taiwan the interests of the two nations clash. The PRC regards Taiwan as a breakaway province and is resolutely committed to recovering it. Since 2001, it has held combined military exercises twice a year aimed at capturing Taiwan. It has put in place a coordinated network of short and medium-range ballistic missiles, mobile and stationary, to overpower Taiwan’s air defenses and missiles network.

On the other side, America has continued to sell advanced weapons to Taiwan in accordance with the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979; and senior PACOM (Pacific Command) officers have started observing Taiwan’s annual Han Kuang armed forces exercises to judge the island’s military preparedness. Recently, the Obama administration announced the sale of $6.4 billion worth of advanced weaponry to Taiwan, including anti-missile missiles. In return, Beijing threatened sanctions against the American companies involved in supplying these weapons. Its military claimed its first success in downing a missile in mid-flight as part of its anti-missile defense. 

Similarly, competition and cooperation marks relations between the PRC and Russia since 1996 when they co-sponsored the formation of the five-member Shanghai Forum. Originally begun with the modest aim of China delineating disputed boundaries with the successor states of the Soviet Union, the Forum was later expanded to six members, renamed the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), and moved to Beijing. Since then the bonds between Beijing and Moscow have strengthened, with the two nations holding joint military exercises in China’s Shandong Peninsula in August 2005. Although Russia has clamped down on ethnic Chinese migrants and traders, this has not affected the Chinese acquisition of sophisticated Russian weapons like the Russian Kilo Class submarine equipped with anti-ship SS-N-22 cruise missiles designed to counter the US navy.

China’s economic interest too called for close ties with Russia which has emerged as the largest exporter not only of natural gas, but also of oil, the commodities key to China’s industrial progress. Last year, reeling from the double whammy of low energy prices and the global credit squeeze, Russia's leading oil company and pipeline operator agreed to provide 300,000 barrels per day (bpd) in additional oil to China over 25 years for a $25 billion loan from the state-controlled China Development Bank.

But such cooperation does not preclude differences in the foreign policy of the two neighbors. Iran is a case in point. Yielding to Washington’s relentless pressure, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev said at a press conference at the United Nations in Sept 2009 that “Sanctions rarely lead to productive results, but in some cases sanctions are inevitable,” In contrast, China continues to express its opposition to economic sanctions against Tehran. The two countries also differed on Moscow’s tough approach on Georgia. Repeating China’s long-standing tenet of respecting the territorial integrity of the UN member-states, China refused to support the Kremlin’s recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent states.

Another example of a mixed relationship comes from China’s relations with its Asian rival India. Although the PRC has settled its land border disputes with all other neighbors it has refused to do so with India. (See YaleGlobal Northeast India: Boiling Pot of International Rivalry – Part II) But that did not stop China from becoming India’s number one trading partner in 2008.

While noting with some trepidation that New Delhi was busily upgrading its military facilities on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to the north of the strategic Malacca Strait, Beijing has held joint military exercises with India in the region.

Although India has signed a favorable civil nuclear agreement with the US and expanded its military cooperation and commercial ties with Washington, this has not prevented Indian prime minister Manmohan Singh from signing up $10 billion worth arms deal with the Kremlin during his recent visit to Moscow. 

On one hand, the negotiations between Russia and America to replace the recently expired START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I) are reportedly going well. On the other hand, the national security strategy that the Kremlin adopted in May 2009 describes the main threat to Russia as the US acquisition of a first strike capability – a prospect that has not disappeared by the concession made by the Obama administration on replacing Bush’s land-based anti-missile defense shield in Poland and the Czech Republic with sea-based anti-missile missiles. 

Whereas the Kremlin’s relations with Washington are far from warm, its ties with Germany, the leading member of the 27-strong European Union, the world’s largest trading entity, are uncommonly cordial. Transcending party politics, they remain as strong with the conservative government of Angela Merkel as they were during the Social Democratic administration of Gerhard Schroeder.

In the course of finding alternatives to oil in the aftermath of the quadrupling of petroleum prices in 1973-74, West Germany decided to buy natural gas from the Soviet Union in 1975. Now Germany receives almost half of its gas supplies from Russia’s Gazprom.

It was in Europe that the concept of multipolarity of power was born during the Napoleonic Wars in the early second decade of the 19th century. The major European powers resolved never again to allow the emergence of another Napoleon to conquer the continent. Out of this concert arose the doctrine of the balance of power. It held in Europe for a century, until the start of World War I. What is happening now is the global extension of this doctrine, with major powers cooperating and competing with one another to ensure that none of them emerges as the sole superpower.